Pinout and I/O specification

Board pin list

The AM controller board has 30 signal pins, plus power terminals for battery and motor phases.

Pin	Name	Description	Direction
1	USB+5V	USB 5 V	Power input
2	USBGND	USB ground, internally connected to BATT-	Power input
3	USBDM	USB data -	I/O
4	USBDP	USB data +	I/O
5	KEY	Internally connected to BATT+	Power output
6	VBATSW	Internally connected to BATT+ when controller is ON	Power output
7	GND	Internally connected to BATT-	Power output
8	POWER	Controller ON/OFF input, active high	Input
9	DOUT2	Generic digital output	Output
10	DOUT1	Generic digital output	Output
11	HALLGND	Hall sensors supply ground	Power output
12	HALLW	Hall sensor W	I/O
13	HALLU	Hall sensor U	I/O
14	HALLV	Hall sensor V	I/O
15	HALL+5V	Hall sensors supply voltage	Power output
16	CANL	CAN Bus LOW	I/O
17	CANH	CAN Bus HIGH	I/O
18	CANGND	CAN Bus ground	Power output
19	AGND	Analog supply ground	Power output
20	GPIO1	Analog input 1	Input
21	GPIO0	Analog input 2	Input
22	AVCC	Analog supply voltage	Power output
23	DIN1+	Digital input 1 +	Input
24	DIN1-	Digital input 1 -	Input
25	DIN2+	Digital input 2 +	Input
26	DIN2-	Digital input 2 -	Input
27	COMRXD	UART RX	Input
28	COMTXD	UART TX	Output
29	COMGND	UART ground	Power output
30	COM+10V	UART supply 10 V	Power output
	BATT+	Battery / power source input +	Power input
	BATT-	Battery / power source input -	Power input
	A	Motor phase A	Power output
	B	Motor phase B	Power output
	C	Motor phase C	Power output

Power connectors pinout

Amass XT60, MT60 (variant A)

Battery is connected via Amass XT60 male connector. Motor phases are connected via Amass MT60 female connector.

Signal connector pinouts (JST JWPF, variant J)

USB connector

JST JWPF 4-pin male (JM4_USB)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Function
1	USBDP	White	USB data+
2	USBDM	Green	USB data-
3	USBGND	Black	USB ground
4	USB+5V	Red	USB 5 V supply

Power connector

JST JWPF 3-pin female (JF3_PWR)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Function
1	KEY	Brown	Supply in/out
2	POWER	Yellow	Power control input
3	GND	Black	Ground

Digital OUT1 connector

JST JWPF 2-pin female (JF2_DO1)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Function
1	VBATSW	Brown	Switched battery output
2	DOUT1	Green	Open-drain output

Digital OUT2 connector

JST JWPF 2-pin female (JF2_DO2)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Function
1	VBATSW	Brown	Switched battery output
2	DOUT2	Blue	Open-drain output

UART COM connector (10 V variant)

JST JWPF 4-pin female (JF4_UARTCOM10)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Function
1	COMGND	Black	Communication ground
2	COMTXD	White	UART TX
3	COMRXD	Blue	UART RX
4	COM+10V	Orange	+10 V output

Control I/O 1 (analog) connector

JST JWPF 4-pin female (JF4_CNTRL1)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Function
1	AGND	Black	Analog ground
2	GPIO1	Blue	Analog input (brake)
3	GPIO0	Green	Analog input (throttle)
4	AVCC	Red	Analog supply

CAN connector

JST JWPF 3-pin male (JM3_CAN)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Function
1	CANGND	Black	Communication ground
2	CANH	Yellow	CAN high
3	CANL	Green	CAN low

PAS connector

JST JWPF 3-pin male (JM3_PAS)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Function
1	AGND	Black	Analog ground
2	DIN1-	Yellow	PAS signal
3	DIN1+	Red	PAS supply

Digital IN1 connector

JST JWPF 2-pin male (JM2_DI1)

The digital input can be used in three modes depending on configuration:

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Differential mode	Pull-up mode	Pull-down mode
1		Green	DIN1- (signal-)	GND (ground)	DIN1+ (signal-)
2		Orange	DIN1+ (signal+)	DIN1- (signal+)	AVCC (supply)

Digital IN2 connector

JST JWPF 2-pin male (JM2_DI2)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Differential mode	Pull-up mode	Pull-down mode
1		Blue	DIN2- (signal-)	GND (ground)	DIN2+ (signal-)
2		Orange	DIN2+ (signal+)	DIN2- (signal+)	AVCC (supply)

Motor sensors connector -- variant h (Hall)

JST JWPF 8-pin male (JM8_MSENS_H)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Function
1	HALLV	Green	Hall V signal
2	HALLU	Blue	Hall U signal
3	HALLW	Yellow	Hall W signal
4			Not connected
5	HALL+5V	Red	Hall supply
6			Not connected
7	HALLGND	Black	Ground
8			Not connected

Motor sensors connector -- variant r (Resolver / Digital)

JST JWPF 8-pin male (JM8_MSENS_RD)

Pin	Name	Wire colour	Function
1	GPIO0	Green	Cos+ signal
2	GPIO1	Blue	Sin+ signal
3	HALLW	Yellow	Sin- / Cos- signals
4			Not connected
5	HALL+5V	Red	Sensor supply
6	HALLU	Brown	Data / Excitation-
7	HALLGND	Black	Ground
8	HALLV	Orange	Clock / Excitation+

Signal connectors pinout (HIGO, variant H)

Combined wiring connector -- HIGO Z812AM P

Connector pin	AM pin	Function
BLUE	21 GPIO0	Accelerator input
RED	22 AVCC	Power for accelerator / brake controls
YELLOW	28 COMRXD	Display communication
WHITE	20 GPIO1	Brake input
GREEN	29 COMTXD	Display communication
ORANGE	8 POWER	Activation input
BROWN	5 KEY	Power output to switch
BLACK	7 GND	Ground

note

Not all functions of the AM controller can be covered by HIGO connectors. Some functions can be added by JST JWPF connectors. Usually USB, PAS sensor and lights are used on e-bikes in addition.

Motor connector -- HIGO Z910AM P

Connector pin	AM pin	Function
BIG YELLOW	B	Motor phase B
WHITE	26 DIN2-	Speed sensor
BIG BLUE	C	Motor phase C
GREEN	14 HALLV	Hall sensor A
BIG GREEN	A	Motor phase A
YELLOW	12 HALLW	Hall sensor C
BLUE	13 HALLU	Hall sensor B
RED	15 HALL+5V	Hall sensors power
BLACK	11 HALLGND	Hall sensors ground

Pin detailed specifications

Power supplies in the controller

The AM controller has several power supplies, each intended for specific use:

• Battery power supply (pins 05 KEY and 07 GND) -- connected to BATT+ via internal fuse. Voltage is present even if the controller is powered off. Voltage equals V_BATT, maximum current 1 A. Sum of currents from KEY and VBATSW must not exceed 1 A.
• Switched battery power supply (pins 06 VBATSW and 07 GND) -- connected via non-reversible 1 A fuse and switch. Active only when controller is powered on. Voltage equals V_BATT, maximum current 1 A.
• DOUTs switched ground (pins 10 DOUT1 and 09 DOUT2) -- two open-drain power outputs, each with 1 A current capability. Designed to cooperate with pin 06 VBATSW.
• Motor sensors power supply (pins 15 HALL+5V and 11 HALLGND) -- 5 V, maximum 50 mA. Not galvanically isolated from battery.
• Analog power supply (pins 22 AVCC and 19 AGND) -- 5 V, maximum 20 mA. Not galvanically isolated from battery.
• CAN power supply (pin 18 CANGND) -- galvanically isolated from battery, but connected with UART power supply.
• UART power supply (pins 30 COM+10V and 29 COMGND) -- galvanically isolated, 10 V, maximum 100 mA.

Galvanic isolation

Some interfaces of the AM controller are galvanically isolated from the rest of the controller. Galvanic isolation (for isolated supply and for DINs) has a withstand voltage of 100 V DC.

The AM controller may be equipped with up to three independent galvanically isolated sections:

1. Isolated power supply -- output accessible on pins 29 COMGND and 30 COM+10V. CAN Bus and UART are powered from this supply.
2. DIN1 -- when operating in differential mode, DIN1 is isolated from the rest of the controller.
3. DIN2 -- when operating in differential mode, DIN2 is isolated from DIN1 and the rest of the controller.

note

DINs can be galvanically connected to the rest of the controller using internal pull-up/pull-down jumpers. This configuration is done during manufacturing and reflected in the MPN (Internal HW configuration). By default, pull-up jumpers are used for both DINs, so they are not galvanically isolated.

Power control circuit

Control electronics of the AM controller is powered from pin 5 KEY, connected to BATT+ via internal fuse. The power state is controlled by pin 8 POWER.

ON/OFF switch (default)

Preferred method. Switch connected between pins 5 KEY and 8 POWER. When the switch is closed, controller is powered on and remains on until the switch is opened. POWER pin is configured as activation input.

Pin 8 POWER is active high: controller is ON when voltage exceeds 5 V relative to GND, OFF when below 2 V or left unconnected (internal pull-down).

Constant ON

Controller is powered on when battery is connected and remains on as long as battery is connected. Requires internal fuse and KEY resistor (R1).

Two buttons with auto power-off

Pin 8 POWER configured as flip-flop. Power state is controlled by positive and negative pulses. Positive pulse powers up, negative pulse powers down. Can be driven by two pushbuttons (ON between BATT+ and POWER, OFF between BATT- and POWER).

Auto power-off feature is enabled: the controller can power itself down by software. This feature uses pin 10 DOUT2 internally, making it unavailable for user functionality.

Two buttons + self power-on

Similar to the two-button method above. In addition, the controller can be powered on automatically when the motor starts to spin (permanent magnet motor required). When enabled, a resistor with a diode between phase B and the POWER input is added internally.

This ability can be used as an anti-theft system for vehicles (motor locks when spun without proper activation) or for wind turbines (controller powers on automatically when the turbine starts spinning).

Power control pin specification

Pin	Name	Description	Direction	Parameters
5	KEY	Internally connected to BATT+	Power output	0 -- V_NOM, max 1 A
6	VBATSW	Internally connected to BATT+ when ON	Power output	0 -- V_NOM, max 1 A
7	GND	Internally connected to BATT-	Power output	0 V, max 1 A
8	POWER	Controller ON/OFF input, active high	Input	0 -- V_NOM, max 10 mA

note

V_NOM is the upper limit of the operating voltage range.

Internal fuse

Pin 5 KEY is connected internally to BATT+ via an internal fuse in the default configuration. If the internal fuse is not present or is blown, connect pin 5 KEY to BATT+ via an external fuse rated at 1 A max. For correct battery voltage measurement, pins 5 KEY and BATT+ must be connected by low impedance.

Capacitor discharge

High quality capacitors with low ESR and low self-discharge are used in the AM controller power stage. No discharge resistors are used. Power stage capacitors may remain charged long after battery disconnection.

warning

Always check the voltage between BATT+ and BATT- terminals before handling the controller. Capacitors should be discharged by connecting a resistor between BATT+ and BATT- after battery disconnection.

USB communication interface

Pin	Name	Description	Direction	Parameters
1	USB+5V	USB 5 V	Power input	5 V, max 300 mA
2	USBGND	USB ground, internally connected to BATT-	Power input	0 V
3	USBDM	USB data -	I/O	0 -- 3.3 V, 5 V tolerant, max 10 mA
4	USBDP	USB data +	I/O	0 -- 3.3 V, 5 V tolerant, max 10 mA

warning

USB pins are not galvanically isolated from the power stage. It is recommended to use a USB isolator. USB is intended for system maintenance (firmware update, off-line settings) and is not intended for run-time settings. Power off the controller and disconnect it from battery before connecting USB.

CAN Bus communication interface

The AM controller is equipped with one galvanically isolated CAN Bus interface, supporting speeds up to 1 Mbps. A 120 Ohm terminator can be connected during manufacturing (reflected in the MPN Internal HW configuration).

Pin	Name	Description	Direction	Parameters
16	CANL	Galvanically isolated CAN LOW	I/O	0 -- 5 V, max 10 mA
17	CANH	Galvanically isolated CAN HIGH	I/O	0 -- 5 V, max 10 mA
18	CANGND	Galvanically isolated CAN ground	Power output	0 V, max 100 mA

note

CAN is present in connectivity variants x and c.

UART communication interface (galvanically isolated)

Galvanically isolated serial communication interface. Typical usage is communication between the AM controller and a display on e-bikes. Can also be used with a UART-to-USB adapter for run-time diagnostics.

Pin	Name	Description	Direction	Parameters
27	COMRXD	Galvanically isolated UART RX	Input	0 -- 5 V, max 20 mA
28	COMTXD	Galvanically isolated UART TX	Output	0 -- 5 V, max 20 mA
29	COMGND	Galvanically isolated UART ground	Power output	0 V, max 100 mA
30	COM+10V	Galvanically isolated supply	Power output	10 V, max 100 mA

Analog inputs (GPIO)

Two analog inputs with 12-bit resolution, synchronous operation, and up to 20 kHz sampling rate. Not galvanically isolated, but proper use of AGND and AVCC pins suppresses ground loops and reduces noise.

Analog input pins are equipped with internal pull-up and pull-down resistors configurable by software. Analog pins may also be used by some types of motor sensors; if so, they are not available for other functions.

Pin	Name	Description	Direction	Parameters
19	AGND	Analog supply ground, connected to BATT-	Power output	0 V, max 20 mA
20	GPIO1	Analog input 1	Input	0 -- 6 V, max 10 mA (no pull-up/down)
21	GPIO0	Analog input 2	Input	-0.5 -- 6 V, max 10 mA (with pull-up)
22	AVCC	Analog supply voltage	Power output	5 V, max 20 mA

Digital inputs (DIN1, DIN2)

Two digital inputs that can be galvanically isolated from the rest of the controller when operated in differential mode. Inputs DIN+ and DIN- are connected directly to an optocoupler diode with a 10 kOhm series resistor.

Operating modes:

• Differential -- galvanically isolated, triggered when DIN+ is more than 2 V above DIN-
• Pull-up (default) -- activated by connecting DIN- to ground
• Pull-down -- activated by connecting DIN+ to 5 V

Trigger voltage of the optocoupler is approximately 3.3 V.

Digital inputs can be used for communication with PLCs, for PWM/PPM measurement (up to 1 kHz, 1 us resolution), or for reading A/B encoder or STEP signals.

Pin	Name	Description	Direction	Parameters
23	DIN1+	Differential optocoupler input 1	Input	-5 V to V_BATT, max 5 mA
24	DIN1-	Differential optocoupler input 1	Input	-5 V to V_BATT, max 5 mA
25	DIN2+	Differential optocoupler input 2	Input	-5 V to V_BATT, max 5 mA
26	DIN2-	Differential optocoupler input 2	Input	-5 V to V_BATT, max 5 mA

Digital outputs (DOUT1, DOUT2)

Two power digital outputs, designed to cooperate with pin 6 VBATSW. Open-drain type: in ON-state, DOUT is connected to controller ground; in OFF-state, the pin is floating. Load should be connected between DOUT and VBATSW.

warning

If a digital output is used for switching an inductive load (such as a contactor), a recirculation diode must be added to protect the board from voltage spikes. The diode should be placed as close as possible to the controller.

Pin	Name	Description	Direction	Parameters
6	VBATSW	Internally connected to BATT+ when ON	Power output	0 -- 60 V, max 1 A
7	GND	Internally connected to BATT-	Power output	0 V, max 1 A
9	DOUT2	Generic digital output	Power output	Open drain, max 1 A
10	DOUT1	Generic digital output	Power output	Open drain, max 1 A

Motor position sensors

UVW Hall (variant h)

Three Hall sensors placed inside the motor in 120� span along one electrical revolution. Produces three digital signals (U, V, W) with two switchpoints per electrical revolution.

Electrical interface parameters:

• Sensor supply: 5 V, 50 mA
• Input type: with pull-up resistor (compatible with open-collector and push-pull sensor output)
• Input impedance: 1 kOhm

Recommended Hall switches: Infineon TLE4946-L2 or similar bipolar Hall switches

UVW Hall sensor connection

Pin	Name	Function
11	HALLGND	Sensor ground
15	HALL+5V	Sensor +5 V supply
13	HALLU	Hall U digital input
14	HALLV	Hall V digital input
12	HALLW	Hall W digital input

Resolver (variant r)

Resolver with one excitation winding and two sense windings (sine and cosine), electrically perpendicular to each other.

Electrical interface parameters:

• Excitation voltage (amplitude): 3.3 V
• Excitation frequency: 10 kHz
• Sense input measurement range: +/- 3.3 V (DC offset is not acceptable)
• Maximum resolver transformation ratio: 1
• Input impedance: 4.7 kOhm

Recommended resolvers: Tamagawa Seiki TS2610N171E64, Tamagawa Seiki TS2640N321E64

Sin-Cos (variant a)

Two analog sinusoidal signals phase-shifted by a quarter period. Usually produced by a cylindrical permanent magnet on the rotor and a sensor chip on the stator.

Electrical interface parameters:

• Sensor supply: 5 V, 50 mA
• Input type: single-ended or differential
• Input impedance: 1 kOhm

Recommended sensors: RLS AM512B, RLS AM256, RLS AM8192B, RLS AM4096, Infineon TLE 5012

Sin-Cos sensor connection

Pin	Name	Function
11	HALLGND	Sensor ground
15	HALL+5V	Sensor +5 V supply
20	GPIO1	Cos+ analog input
21	GPIO0	Sin+ analog input
14	HALLV	Sin- / Cos- common

Digital SSI/BiSS (variant d)

Serial data interface for digital communication with rotor angle sensors. Consists of a clock line and a data line, operable in single-ended or differential mode.

Electrical interface parameters:

• Sensor supply: 5 V, 50 mA
• Digital I/O type: single-ended or differential
• Digital I/O levels: 0 V / 3.3 V (5 V tolerant)
• Clock frequency: up to 10 MHz
• Input impedance: 4.7 kOhm
• Supported protocols: SSI, BiSS, SPI

Recommended sensors: Zettlex InCoder series, Renishaw RESOLUTE series, RLS AM8192B, RLS AM4096, Infineon TLE 5012, Allegro A133x

Incremental encoder

At least two digital inputs (Enc A and Enc B) producing phase-shifted pulses. An optional third input (Enc REF) provides one reference pulse per turn for absolute positioning.

Electrical interface parameters:

• Sensor supply: 5 V, 50 mA
• Input type: with pull-up resistor (compatible with open-collector and push-pull)
• Input impedance: 1 kOhm

Motor sensor pin specification

Pin	Name	Description	Direction	Parameters
11	HALLGND	Hall sensors supply ground, connected to BATT-	Power output	0 V, max 50 mA
15	HALL+5V	Hall sensors supply voltage	Power output	5 V, max 50 mA
12	HALLW	Hall W / Clock / Excitation / Enc REF	I/O	0 -- 3.3 V, 5 V tolerant
13	HALLU	Hall U / Data / Excitation / Enc B	I/O	0 -- 3.3 V, 5 V tolerant
14	HALLV	Hall V / Clock- / Common / Enc A	I/O	0 -- 3.3 V, 5 V tolerant
20	GPIO1	Resolver COS / Sin-Cos COS+	Input	0 -- 6.6 V, max 10 mA
21	GPIO0	Resolver SIN / Sin-Cos SIN+	Input	0 -- 6.6 V, max 10 mA

Winding temperature measurement

The AM controller can measure motor winding temperature using a temperature sensor connected between pin TEMP and pin HALLGND. Various sensor types are supported (resistance-based: NTC, PTC, KTY81).

Electrical specifications:

• Maximum voltage: 3.3 V
• Short-circuit output current: 0.5 mA
• Resistance measurement range: 15 Ohm -- 10 kOhm

Recommended temperature sensors: KTY81, any NTC or PTC with suitable resistance value